Especially, optical coupling between optical fibers and integrated waveguides in the photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and their systems is of growing interest with the recent advances in integrated photonics. Efficient low-loss optical coupling between waveguides made of dissimilar materials is important in providing seamless optical interfaces for heterogeneous photonic integration. The optical coupling efficiency between two waveguides is defined by the ratio of guided optical powers before and after the coupling process and can be determined by the waveguide mode overlap condition. Low-loss optical interfaces between different types of optical waveguides are crucial for the efficient and reliable transfer of optical signals in a number of applications, including optical interconnects, nonlinear optical signal processing, , and integrated quantum optics. We compare the pros and cons of each light coupling method and provide an overview of the recent developments in waveguide coupling between optical fibers and integrated photonic circuits. Although these waveguide coupling methods are different in terms of their operating principles and physical implementations, they have gradually adopted various nanophotonic structures and techniques to improve the light coupling properties as our understanding to the behavior of light and nano-fabrication technology advances. In this review article, we survey three major light coupling methods between optical fibers and integrated waveguides: end-fire coupling, diffraction grating-based coupling, and adiabatic coupling. Significant efforts have been made to improve light coupling properties, including coupling efficiency, bandwidth, polarization dependence, alignment tolerance, as well as packing density. Especially, the light coupling between optical fibers and integrated waveguide structures provides essential input-output interfaces for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and plays a crucial role in reliable optical signal transport for a number of applications, such as optical interconnects, optical switching, and integrated quantum optics. Efficient light energy transfer between optical waveguides has been a critical issue in various areas of photonics and optoelectronics.
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