As photosystem 1 absorbs additional light energy, the electrons again become energized, escaping photosystem 1 and moving down the second electron transport chain.Įlectrons from the electron transport chain adjacent to photosystem 2, replace those in photosystem 1. The light reaction produce both ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase uses this energy to add a phosphate to ADP forming ATP. The hydrogen ions flow down their concentration gradient, through a channel in the ATP synthase, releasing energy in the process. This gradient contains a large amount of potential energy which is used by an enzyme called ATP synthase. This creates a high concentration of ions in the thylakoid space, relative to the low concentration of ions in the stroma. This energy is used to create a hydrogen ion gradient.Ī protein in the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space. The first set of electrons continues to move down the electron transport chain, releasing stored energy as it moves. Meanwhile, to replace the electrons leaving photosystem 2, water is split, releasing oxygen, two hydrogen ions and two electrons. These electrons become so energized that they escape photosystem 2 and move to a nearby electron acceptor molecule, located in the electron transport chain. This light energy is transferred to a chlorophyll reaction center causing electrons in the reaction center to become energized. The first thing that happens is that the photosystem 2 receives photos, or light energy. The light reaction actually begins in photosystem 2. These photosystems are named in the order they were discovered not for the order in which they participate in the photosynthetic process. The light reactions use two photosystems, called photosystem 1 and photosystem 2, which are both embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Special pigments absorb light energy and transfer it to high energy electrons eventually producing ATP and the electron carrier NADPH. The light reactions occur within the thylakoid of the chloroplast. This formula of photosynthesis explains that the reactants, which are six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules, get converted into six molecules of oxygen and sugar molecules using the light energy captured by chlorophyll. The process of photosynthesis is expressed in a chemical equation as This process is also known as the Calvin Cycle. All the above three steps are known as light reactions, while this carbon fixation is light-independent, and thus, they are called dark reactions. The process of reducing carbon occurs by the electrons into the six-carbon molecules. The formed NADP and ATP produce the energy. This ATP production is solely utilized during synthesis and is dependent on light. This results in the production of ATP, which is the most important source of energy in a plant's biological process. When electrons are transferred to the final acceptor, it moves out to the stroma of the plant from the thylakoid lumen by the complex process of F0F1. They are transferred by the process known as the chain of electron transfer, in which the molecules exist in the thylakoid membrane. Then, these eliminated electrons pass to a major electron acceptor known as Quinine.Īfter the transfer of electrons to the electron acceptors, they get transferred to the final electron acceptor, an NADP positive. Moreover, the absorbed light converts itself into energy, and then it is used for eliminating the electrons from the water, which is an electron donor to form oxygen. These chlorophylls are connected with proteins in the thylakoids sack of chloroplasts. The very first step of the process of photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophylls. Due to the process of photosynthesis, plants consume carbon dioxide and leave out oxygen in the atmosphere, because of which we survive the atmosphere.Enables the plants and different organisms to form the base of the food chain.
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